Detection of bovine milk adulteration in caprine milk with N-acetyl carbohydrate biomarkers by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

In a return to tradition, the popularity of caprine milk is on rise. However, particularly in countries with developed dairy industries based bovine milk, there risk adulteration which cheaper alternative. Thus, rapid, robust, and simple method for detection added necessary, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy appears provide solution. A matrix 115 pure artificially adulterated pasteurized samples was prepared used discover biomarkers that are independent chemical biological variation caused by factors such as genetics, diet, or seasonality. Principal component analysis orthogonal projections latent structures discriminant revealed spectral features were assigned resonances 4 molecules. Of these, peaks corresponding protons N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylgalactosamine acetyl moieties showed significant applicability our method. Receiver operating characteristic curve evaluate performance peak integrals adulteration. This approach able distinguish 5% 84.78% accuracy 10% an excellent 95.65% accuracy. study demonstrates N-acetyl carbohydrates could be help protecting authenticity.